Social Discrimination In A Worn Path By Eudora Welty

In a world that is so diverse, social discrimination is an issue that many have to face everyday. Discrimination can be used by an individuals: race, age, religion, and even ones class. A Worn Path, written by Eudora Welty is about a woman by the name of Phoenix who goes on a long journey to get medication for her grandson. On her journey she comes in contact with a hunter, and many other complications. In the short story, an overall theme of social discrimination is shown through the use of Racism, Ageism and Classism. During the 1930’s, Racism was at a major play; mostly in Southern states. In the short story, Welty gives many examples of metaphors and symbols showing that racism was a major impact during this time. For example, â€Å"Big†¦show more content†¦This is known as ageism. Welty shows an example of ageism in this quote, â€Å"‘Doesn’t the gun scare you?’ he said still pointing it. ‘No, Sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day, and for less than what I done.’ She said, holding utterly still. He smiled, and shoulder the gun. ‘Well, Granny,’ he said ‘you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing. I’d give you a dime if I had any money with me. But you take my advice and stay home, and nothing will happen to you.’† (1330) The hunter is stating that she is too old to be taking such a long journey, especially by herself; even if she is not afraid of anything. This is a good example of a pe rson using someone’s age against them. Welty is giving the reader the impression of, who is this hunting man, to tell her she should just go home, instead of continuing her journey to find medicine for her grandson. As well as the impression of, no matter what age someone, anyone can finish something he or she put’s his or her mind to. The third factor in reaching the theme of social discrimination is the use of classism. As defined from the Merriam Webster Dictionary, Classism means: Prejudice or discrimination based on class. Throughout the short story you get a feel for the class, that Old Phoenix is a part of. Throughout her long journey, she makes references to slavery through the use of metaphors,Show MoreRelatedRacism And Discrimination : A Worn Path By Eudora Welty Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesRacism and Discrimination Issues Essay People in society are like crayons in a box; some are sharp and beautiful, some have weird names but all are in different colors; but they have to learn to live in the same box. Every day, many people encounter other people, creating many social issues and racism is one of them. Racism is one of the most controversial problem in our society. This is the ideal that many people engage in consciously and the way some people think without even realizing it. RacismRead MoreEudora Welty s A Worn Path956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction James Saunders wrote an interesting article â€Å"’A Worn Path’ The Eternal Quest of Welty’s Phoenix Jackson† (The Southern Literary Journal 25.1, Fall 1992: p62-73.) that not only analyzed Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path† (The Collected Works of Eudora Welty) from his perspective but also included the perspectives of other authors which makes his article an excellent source for interpretations of ‘A Worn Path’. Summary Saunders article summarizes Phoenix Jackson as a symbol of the ChristianRead MoreA Worn Path By Eudora Welty1707 Words   |  7 PagesMichelle Andrews Dr. Goss ENGLISH 1102 9 February 2016 A Worn Path In the Eudora Welty’s ‘‘A Worn Path’’, there is a distinct description of characters that live in the era of segregation and the great depression. Because Welty is a native of the south, this story is based from the experiences during her life. Her struggles are relived in the characters of not just â€Å"A Worn Path† but also a lot of her other stories. She uses hidden messages in her stories and includes deep meaning in the simplestRead MoreAnalyzing ‚Äà ºA Worn Path‚Äà ¹ by Eudora Welty - 1875 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty In the story â€Å"A Worn Path†, Eudora Welty shows an old woman living in a time period where racial prejudice is very high and out of control. Phoenix Jackson is a grandmother whose motivation for living seems to be to nurture her grandson back to health. The strength of love may make people do or say unusual and implausible things. The central idea of this story is that love can empower someone to overcome many life threatening obstacles. This idea isRead MorePerspectives on Hope: Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, and Maya Angelous Still I Rise1594 Words   |  7 Pages The emotion of hope is important because life is uncertain. Factors such as wealth, education and opportunity may play a role in dividing people into different social categories, but no amount of privilege or advantage can shield a person from disappointment, pain, loss or death. These are universal adversities for all humankind. The word hope can be defined in different ways. Many religious people think of ho pe as a virtue, along with faith and love. Survivors of trauma often credit hope as theRead MoreDiscrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1788 Words   |  8 PagesDiscrimination has played a role in humanity from the beginnings of human existence to the modern societies of today. Every individual has experienced an act of discrimination at some point; yet, most questions surrounding this fundamental human flaw remain unanswered. One belief that has overwhelming support is the fact that discrimination can lead to significant negative effects. These effects mediate how an individual is able or unable to deal with discrimination. Thus, the discussion of discrimination

Essay on Explaining Political Philosophy - 744 Words

Explaining Political Philosophy Political philosophy, or political theory, as it is also known, is about human condition, or, what humans are like. There are roughly four main kinds of political philosophy around today-Libertarianism, Socialism, Liberalism and Communitarianism. Political theory is an attempt to understand people, what we are like as individuals, what society and the state are like, and how we as humans, the state and society all interact with one and other. A social contract theory is the method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. For some philosophers this†¦show more content†¦To run the state a very high level of technical knowledge would be required, as only the brightest people should be in charge of it and run it. Hobbes, a seventeenth century English philosopher, is generally regarded as the first modern political philosopher; he is famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as social contract theory. He is infamous for having used the social contract method to arrive at the astonishing conclusion that we ought to submit to the authority of an absolute, undivided and unlimited, sovereign power. He conceived of politics as science. In his theory of ballistics (guns and missiles) objects moved at random, and were likely to collide with one and other. Hobbes viewed society in much the same way; we all as individuals are more or less equal, we seek pleasure and avoid pain. This will undoubtedly lead to competition between individuals. Because of this Hobbes characterizes the state of nature as a state of war, where the life of the individual according to him would be solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short. This Hobbesian state of nature is so horrible that individuals would want to avoid it at all costs. We therefore need a state that has laws that will protect us from each other; Hobbes calls this the absolutist state. To avoid the horrible prospectShow MoreRelatedRace, Feminism, And Marxism1032 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical philosophy is the use of philosophical analysis skills when applied to politics. (Abate, â€Å"Political Philosophy†) There are various subtopics discussed among philosophers including the state, justice, and its necessity in the state. In order to discuss such topics, we must first know what justice is. To be just or unjust can be defined in a variety of ways by different people whose outlooks come from completely contrasting perspectives. In this essay I will look at defining justice fromRead MoreThe Quantitative Article, Donaldson, Sue And Will Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe quantitative article â€Å"Donaldson, Sue and Will Kymlicka. 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Machiavelli’s view of human nature is used as justification for his political advice to princes. Niccolo Machiavelli was very intelligent, motivated, and dedicated while writingRead MoreParliamentary Power And Sources Of Authority1219 Words   |  5 Pagesorganisation or authority, with or without their consent. If we look at history it’s likely to see different kinds of legislative power and sourc es of authority. In the UK, the current system is liberal democracy, and comparison to other political systems, the UK political system seems to be the most successful and fair state system thus far. Though, of course like in every government and in every state there are errors, disruptions, and misuse of power. 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The Nanking Massacre Free Essays

The Nanking Massacre The Rape of Nanking was a tragic time in Chinese history. This event will never be forgotten by the people in the once capital of China. An estimated 300,000 innocent people were killed in a matter of months. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nanking Massacre or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Japanese have never apologized for the disturbing event and to this day the Japanese deny that the massacre ever took place. The Rape of Nanking will never be forgotten for this city has been scared with tragedy since this gruesome massacre. Is this Massacre actually Genocide, or is this just a result of poor command over Japanese soldiers? I believe that this event is in fact genocide, and it was a terrible event in time. It was a tragic December day in the beautiful city of Nanking. Japanese soldiers were making their way into the unprepared city. All the residents fled to the safety, a small area where tourists and German soldiers could not be harmed by the Japanese (Genocide in China. ) Only a few citizens were able to flee to the safety zone, for there was only enough room for a few hundred people. The roads were empted, and everyone locked the selves in their homes. The Japanese soldiers had surrounded the city, there was no way the refugees could escape the now taken city. Once the Japanese had surrounded the city, they began their violent rampage. The soldiers began to raid the banks, government offices, and the warehouses. Once all important buildings were taken, the soldiers started killing civilians. (Genocide in China. ) Once the citizens heard the gun fire, most ran out of their homes in an attempt to leave the city. There were two main roads which lead out of the city; the Japanese had set up areas throughout the streets to shoot the fleeing citizens. 0,000 people were killed the first day the Japanese intruded this capital city. Numerous war crimes were committed during the massacre. Some of the worst war crimes in history were committed during the raid on Nanking. A few days after the Japanese invaded Nanking they began to run amuck. The soldiers were out of line, and weren’t following the rules of battle. Japanese soldiers capt ured the surviving Nanking soldiers, and sent them to a large camp outside of the city limits. Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The Japanese soldiers soon were running out of food for the soldiers, so the thought there only option was to kill off the remaining Nanking soldiers. The Japanese soldiers would starve the war prisoners and when the Chinese were near death they would march them into fields. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) On the way toward the fields the Japanese soldiers told the captives they would receive food and work. The Japanese lied to the soldiers, for when they reached the fields, the prisoners were killed in a line of machine gun fire. Group by group the captives were lined up and shoot down into massive graves. If the enemy soldiers ran out of ammunition, they would burn the prisoners of war alive. So many practices of execution were performed it is hard to keep track of here are some less used forms of executing the prisoners. Chinese soldiers were used for bayonet practices, shooting practice, and were beheaded in the streets. Japanese soldiers would often have contests to see who could kill the most people. There are accounts of Japanese men killing as many as 150 men, women and children on their own. The women citizens had it far worse than the men did. (Genocide) Women were often raped and killed. If a woman was to survive, she would often be made a sex slave for the Japanese soldiers. Females from the age of 9 to 80 were raped and killed. (Case Study: The Nanjing Massacre) The dead bodies of the women were thrown into the street, and were left there for days. Some many atrocities took place throughout the Nanking Massacre that’s it is hard to mention all of them. A total of 300,000 Chinese soldiers, and civilians were killed in the Nanking Massacre. This might seem like a small number compared to other massacres, but when you look closer at it, it becomes even more tragic. The city of Nanking wasn’t even captured for a year. The survivors tell such terrible stories, of the horror that was swept across the thriving town of Nanking, China. For the remaining survivors this event will never leave their memory. This brings up the question, why did the Japanese do this? This terrible massacre is one that was not as widely broadcasted. This is due to the fact that the Japanese Government had denied this event ever took place. The Japanese people believe that the Chinese people are unclean. The Japanese think this because they think the Chinese people don’t keep themselves clean. The Japanese felt that the Chinese are dirty people who pollute the environment and destroy the fertile land. The Japanese also believed that it was their destiny to obtain the land of China. So why is this massacre considered Genocide? This massacre is considered genocide for many reasons. Japanese people had killing contests, in order to kill as many Chinese civilians as possible. Two Roads of Blood) In order to kill more Chinese civilians, the Japanese soldiers would have competitions to see who could kill the most civilians. They had no respect for any of the Chinese people, as if they treated the Chinese as pests they needed to kill. This method wasn’t working for the extermination, so the Japanese soldiers began sending men to work camps, where they would work the men almost to death, then march them to killing fields. This is a clear example of genocide. The final example of genocide is the fact that they took no prisoners. Genocide) If a Chinese soldier decided to surrender the Japanese soldier would kill the man on the spot. Through all this gruesome events, this massacre is considered to be genocide by people around the world. The Nanking massacre was a terrible event in history. Through years of hatred toward China the Japanese committed this terrible genocide. Through killing contests’, killing fields, and not giving prisoners this event is technically considered genocide. The Japanese wanted to exterminate the Chinese people in order to take land, which the Japanese thought was rightfully theirs. This event will never be forgotten. How to cite The Nanking Massacre, Essay examples

Ensayo Origenes Del Mundo Moderno free essay sample

Durance lass dos dcads Guinness, Hong Kong SE concerti; en el centre neuron;logic del try;Pico De drag bruit;nice. Trash la Segundo guard del poi con China loosest;Nicosia obligation al paisa asstick a legalized Ia event del poi. Se abrasion m;s Mercado Para la drag en China, peer Hong Kong fee period us position central. En la dcad De 1870, Los propositions Cameroon a cultivar la dreamier y manufacture poi. II hbit De femur poi habit en lass elites, peer postmodernist SE conviction en UN articulator De monsoon m;s. De heck, way been entrant elOrigins of the Modern World: Resurrection Resurrection refers the notion of viewing the world from a European perspective. It also refers to the tendency interpreting the histories and cultures Of non-European societies from Western or European perspective. Resurrection has affected the convectional narrative of world history in numerous ways. Resurrection views Europe as being the only active shaper of the world. This is a situation where Europe acts and the rest of the world responds. Resurrection also views that Europe has agency and the rest of he world is passive.Resurrection has changed the views of people to believe that Europe is the center, and the rest of the word is its periphery and Europeans alone are capable of initiating change. Critiques of the Traditional Rise of the West The idea behind the rise of the west shortly began after the Spanish conquest of the Americas, during the Italian renaissance of the sixteenth century. Firstly, Europeans attributed their superiority to their Christian religion. Later, they attributed their superiority to the Greek heritage of secular, rationalistic and scientific thought (Jack 6-7).In the late asses, both the industrial revolution and French revolution of 1 789 reinforced the awareness in the Europeans minds that Europeans were different from the rest of the world and that Europeans were progressing rapidly while the rest of the world appeared to be stagnant. Since the industrial revolution of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was just beginning, the ideas of capitalist development viewed the west as being progressive and Asia as backward. This was showed when the pace of economic change accelerated in the nineteenth century in Europe, much of the Asia was in internal decline (Jack 12-15).Analyst viewed the west as dynamic, forward-looking, progressive and free while Asia as stagnating, backward and despotic. The development of the Europeans was attributed to the rapid improvement Of all instruments Of product by the immensely f acilitated means of communication and cheap prices. Some critics have said that the idea the west has some unique historical advantage, some special quality of race, culture or environment gave this human community a permanent superiority over all other communities. Alternative Ways to Explain Modern History Historical contingency It implies that the way the world turned out is the only way possible. This narrative states that because of the historical advantage enjoyed by the Europeans since the fall of the Roman Empire or the European genetics, this interpretation implies that the rise of the West was inevitable. This can be seen though political, economic and military dominance. The economic engine driving global trade, which came with exchange of ideas, new food crops and manufactured goods, was in Asia.Historical accident This explains that historical accidents happen. For example in agricultural societies, climate changes could have a major impact on the size of the harvest, not just in one year but also over decades. Conditions that are more favorable could produce larger harvests, lowering the price of food for everyone and stimulating the growth of the economy. Poor conditions, such as those that happened in most parts of the globe during the Seventeenth- century Little Ice Age, could put whole economies under severe pressure (Perspires Dominique 32-4).Although climate changes do indeed have causes, from the point of view human history, they are accidents in the dual sense of being unpredictable and beyond human control. Conjuncture A conjuncture occurs when numerous autonomous developments come gather in ways through interaction, creating a distinctive historical moment. This can be explained by considering the world as having had several regions that was independent of one another, for example, Chinas decision to use silver as the basis for their monetary system had a global impact when Europeans discovered a huge supplies of silver in the new world and a larger demand by Chinese.As a result, silver flowed into China as Asian silks and spices flowed into Europe and the new world, this inaugurated the first stage of globalization. Works Cited Jack A. Gladstone. The Rise of the West- or Not? A Revision to Socio-economic History. University of California, 2001 Perspires, Roy and Dominique Parrot. Ethnocentric Mad Alleviates Origins Of The Modern World History Essay The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative is a history book that have been written by Robert B. Marks.This book explores new concepts and perspective of the history of the world. He talks about the historical changes that have happened in the period of 1400-1850. Marks said in his book a brief history of the origins of the modern world (page), that is the purpose of his book, he is trying to represent the modern world history in 07 page. He leaves out too much of the human past to be able to call it the history of origins. He shows that how is Asian is the is the center prior of the asses not the standard Resurrection and its a polytechnic world in term of the world trade.In the Origins, he focuses on the economic history where geographical on China, India and England. Introduction In the beginning of the book he starts with a summary of Rise of the West where he say the west as dynamic, forward looking, progressive, and free, and Asia as stagnating, backward, and despotic (page). After that he started alluding up or narrating the historical events in five-chapters based on an his vision of the world history, and he does it in a way that makes the reader agree with him to get the main key of the historical concept such as conjuncture.Also he takes about the most advanced societies across the Eurasian (China and England) and the MOO economic structures ( biological old regime and trading networks). He also takes the importance of the Indian ocean and he sees it as the most important crossroads for global exchanges of goods, ideas, and culture when Europe was a peripheral, marginal player ring desperately to gain access to the sources of wealth generated in Asia (page 43) He brings a very good evidence that pictures the traditional Chinas technological and Naval superiority, of the well-developed market system in Asia. Also he showed he superior quality of the Indian cottons and the of British textile manufacturers to compete without government protection. He said Asia produced about 80 percent of everything in the world. (page). In chapter 5, he argues that western dominance after the middle-1 sass resulted from historical contingencies and accident not from inherent superiority. He quoted Fernando Branded saying that the gap between the west and the other continents appeared late in time (page 24) . He shows how unpredictable factors such as Chinas decision to remonstrate its economy using silver in the 14th century.And the availability of markets in the (accidentally discovered) new World combined on fuel western imperialism in the nineteenth century . Also the land scarcity that helped rising the steam power in England. He argues, was opium-which great Britain used consciously to impoverish India where it was civilized. And they used China as the market. Marks says there is no more mystery in it that that Those who have benefited should be humbled by the actual sources of the their good fortune, and those who have not should take heart that in the future new contingencies may well favor them It is all a matter of contingency. Summary of chapter 4 and 5 In Chapter 4 Marks talks about the industrial revolution. He explains the reason of why the Industrial revolution outline occurred in Europe not in China or India. He explains it as The dynamics of specialization, increased market exchange, and improved transportation in the context of the illogical old regime and the particularities of Chinas situation was pushing it toward an increasingly labor-intensive agar-culture, rather than toward an industrial revolution (package).However, he believe that the industrial revolution occurred in Europe because coal and colonies. Also, he talks about India and how important it was around the 1 700, he said Indeed, India around 1700 was the largest exporter of cotton textiles in the world and supplied textiles not just to meet English demand, but throughout the world as well And that India accounted for fully one quarter of the world manufacturing output in 1750. (up. 6-97). He also talk about the impact of the industrial revolution on Britain such as the Use of slave markets in Americas for cheap textiles.Tea and silver are two important things that Marks mentioned in this chapter, he talked how important the silver was for the British to get tea from China. The Chinese recognized that they have a drug problem (Opium) because of the British they though the last amount of it into the sea and that was the reason behind the opium war. The British colonized Hong Kong and open the trade between China and the British. At the end of the chapter he talks about the use of use of iron and steam how id the British build gun boats to fight in the Asians rivers.At the begging of the chapter 5 he talks about the how India and China were counted as more than half of the wealth in the word in the 10th century. India is major Opium producer and Cotton textile industry. The British set trade barriers to keep the Indian textiles out of the market. After that, the British East Indian Company gained the right to collect the Indian textile from much as Bengal. this increased the company revenue. Also, this gave the company the power to have an army. Using this army they control throughout India by the sass.This lead India to De industrialized. He also talk about the usage of the gun from the British to colonize Hong Kong and he talks how strong the British army got. The British forced China to make selling Opium legal. This industrialization level that the British reached mad other countries to compete with Britain such as; France, The united States, Germany, Russia and Japan. At the end of the chapter he talks about El Ion Famines, its when the drought started in Latin America, Asian and African. This lead to Famine and 50 million people have died. This result a major distraction of the economy of hose countries which puts them back in initial biological old regime state. He give an example of the Britain using the Indian land to planet wheat and export it while the Indian are starving. He talks about Japan and the new regime (Meijer) era that have created, that regime give Japan the power to reach Britain level. Secondary document Marks argument about the industrial revolution is all about labor and materials where he defines it as coal and colonies. E said in his book for without coal and steam, cotton textiles alone could not transform the British economy what he is saying that without the coal and steam, cotton textiles British will never reach the Industrial revolution. He also said if there is any image that portrays industrial revolution ,it is that smokestack rising above factory. He also agrees with Kenneth Pomeranian when he said the industrial revolution is that proceeded by finding land saving mechanism . This is what Marks answer to the question why the industrial revolution occurred first in England? . However there are some interpretation that disagree with marks and one of them is Varies who defines the industrial revolution as process of continuous technology changes that started in the 1 8th century and would eventually create a new type of economy based on new sources of energy, raw materials, and tools. Also, he said that the capitalism is the reason that the industrial revolution occurred first in England. He said the capitalism was more advanced in Britain , and western Europe, than in China.According to Gladstone Europe didnt rise because of religion or government or technology, Europe rose because of religion and government and technology. Gladstone point is England was following a parallel pattern of political, demographic, commercial, urban, agricultural, and even industrial growth The history of Western imperialism could be traced back to the sixteenth centuries when Western powers such as the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British started their encroachment in Asia, until they basically controlled the economic activities there.In order to maximize their gains, they began to impose harsh policies and exploit Asian countries market through unfair trade practices. Marks believe that imperialism is not the only thing that will reduce the gap. Oakum Shaman argument that the reducing of the gap in Japan was because of the sense of nationalism, they copied the techniques room the west, and good education which mad an imperialism and that what reduced the gap between China and Japan. Primary document Marks study is committed both to a polytechnic understanding of the world and a belief that gaps between rich and poor regions are not inevitable. Hat makes his argument weak that the standard Resurrection narratives are just as ideological, and he uses of materials is richer and more convincing because it takes all of the evidence seriously, that from Asia as well as that from Europe. Think Enlightenment is the reason behind that industrial revolution started in Europe not China or India because this intellectual movement started in Europe where the scientific method have been discovered and used. This lead to the invention of the steam engine (scien tific revolution).The steam engine was a replacement of natural resource (wind, water. . ) in Europe. This made the industry Field works efficient by inventing new machines that works without stopping. Without this knowledge Europe will not be the start point of the industrial revolution. According to Emmanuel Kant was mans release from self-incurred tutelage. He pointed out that all analytic truths are necessary, hat is, they could not have been otherwise. If you agree that the definition of a bachelor is an unmarried man, then it stands to reason that all bachelors are unmarried. Francis Bacon advocated the use of scientific method, and he explains it as the culmination of the move away from the authority and dogmatism of the mediaeval and the awakening of modernity. Conclusion In conclusion Marks attempt to discredit the rise Of the West to cultural superiority but instead to accidents, conjectures, and contingencies, does not give enough credit to Rupees ability to maximize its potential despite an inferior geographical position.

Motivation and Behavior free essay sample

MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR To be motivated is to be moved into action, or to decide on a change in action, according to the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1841/1960). Motivation is an internal energy that creates a change in action for an incentive. Motivation can be caused by specific needs or the basic need of increasing pleasure and decreasing pain. Motivation begins with internal and external sources. Internal sources include biologica and psychological variables, while external sources include incentives that are achieved by the motivation. Biological variables include the direct biological needs of one’s body. As there is little food in one’s stomach the motivation to eat food increases. An example of the internal source of biological variables on motivation is the influence that ghrelin has on hunger. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases the need for eating and hunger. During a research study two groups of participants were given different injections, one group was injected with ghrelin, while the other group was injected with a placebo. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The results were that the participants injected with ghrelin ate more and reported more hunger when at a buffet where one could eat as much as they want. The incentive here is to satisfy the biological need to eat. Psychological variables in relation to internal sources â€Å"refer to motives and are studied indirectly through measurable indicators†(). When stepping on a scale, a higher weight indicates a greater motive or need. A prime example of the psychological variables is one’s need to belong. This occurs when a person’s social affiliation is lower than desired. This depends on a person’s ability to interoperate social cues. Individuals that feel more of a need to belong are more accurate at interpreting social cues. To prove this theory an experiment was drawn where people with different levels of the need to belong were more accurate in identifying facial expressions. Another source of motivation is the environment. â€Å"Environmental variables refer to those characteristics of incentives and goals that have the ability to attract or repel†( Deckers, 2010). Attractive incentives pull a person towards that goal while unattractive incentive pushes away. Higher incentives are more appealing than those with smaller values. An example of incentive and motivation is attending classes and studying with society’s value of education. The incentive being to get a better job, to buy the things that one wants and graduation, these create a greater willingness to score better on tests and study harder. Motivation is defined as the push and pull of behavior. To belong or the biological need to eat are subjective feeling that drive the motivation. Push motivation depends on the body and personal history. Motivation depends on biological and psychological values. Motivation is the drive that leads to the behavior; another way to look at motivation is that motivation is the cause and the behavior is the effect. If someone is motivated to do something they will display the behavior. If the incentive is large enough the motivation will be strongly forceful to receive the incentive, where if the incentive is smaller the behavior will be less forceful. An example of motivation exhibited in behavior is a person changing their behavior in public. If a person is with a group of friends, or for example, a man with a woman he is interested in, behavior will change. If a person is motivated by impressing a woman their behavior will change to impress the woman. The environment is an external source motivating a person to act differently. If a person is not motivated to work out by losing weight or getting healthy it is less likely that they will work out because there is no large incentive. In conclusion, motivation begins based on internal and external sources. Internal and external sources can either push or pull a person to react. Motivation is a cause and the behavior is the effect. Motivation depends on many different aspects but can change a course of behavior to achieve an incentive. Citations Deckers, L. (2010). Motivation: Biological, Psychological, Enviormental. Retrieved from The University of Pheonix eBook Collection database.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay

Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay Kant’s Categorical Imperative essay Kant’s Categorical Imperative essayOne of the most widespread ethical dilemmas is the admissibility of white lies. Pious deception is obviously a form of intentional deception, as soon as it expresses person’s interest. However, unlike non-virtuous deceit, as a rule, used to implement selfish interests, a virtuous deceit expresses interests that are compatible with other universal values, principles of morality and justice. In such cases, an object of deception and an object of a good deed do not coincide, and moreover, one subject typically lies to another subject for the benefit of either the third party, where the third party may be represented by anything from an individual to an abstract idea, or their own purposes seen as socially fair. For instance, in cases where it is necessary to neutralize terrorists during negotiations, anti-terrorist forces may be allowed to undertake all possible forms of pressure and distortion of reality in order to weaken the attention of law violators, force them to succumb to provocation, and further disarm, which is, in particular, shown in Steven Spielberg’s â€Å"Munich† (2005) referring to the historical event of Munich Olympics terrorist act. A more elegant example of white lies is fund in another Spielberg’s film â€Å"Schindler’s List† (1993), when a boy is cheating the Nazis, pointing to a man who had already been killed and calling him the man they were looking for. Here, lies turn into a necessary social tool able to achieve much more favorable results than in case only the truth is spoken. People lying in the context of a particular situation do not pursue their own interests or desires to benefit from it. It is also likely that outside the context the same people are not able to deceive others, while cheating may still be perceived as a tool the use of which is justified in strictly defined situations.Similar case is discussed by Kant in his â€Å"On a Supposed Ri ght to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns†, where he examines the example of a householder who has granted asylum to a friend, who was haunted by the lawbreakers. Later, as they knock on the man’s door and ask if the person of their interest was hiding in the house. According to Kant, the categorical moral duty commands to tell the whole truth to attackers without any concealment. The philosopher’s general thesis says that if for some reason, some kind person supposes that one’s lies can help someone or even save someone, this person is deeply mistaken, because saving some concrete individual, this person virtually â€Å"makes the very source of further unusable†, since the result of this humane act is the total distrust to any testimony at all, termination of social contracts and cancellation of all relationships. Moreover, the lie should be considered as an offense, as soon as a liar should further bear responsibility for all the unintended con sequences of one’s own actions. Indeed, the anti-terrorist operation in Munich was far from successful on many stages, and eventually led to the death of hostages, however, the moral reasoning applied by Kant provokes serious doubts on different grounds.First, from the standpoint of metaphysics, the question is whether the householder (law enforcement agencies) is really in any relationship responsibilities with house intruders (Palestine terrorists) to be asked for the dereliction of duty in front of them. Second, from the standpoint of situational ethics, shouldn’t the analysis of correct behavior take into account the relationship of the householder with his friend (responsibility for the safety of the nation)? Third, wouldn’t the truth told to possible assassinators be the betrayal to the one the asylum is granted to (Israel Olympics team)? And at last, is not the moral principle of â€Å"do no harm† more powerful in this context than the â€Å"do no t lie† requirement?In his turn, Kant argues that no good intentions can serve as an excuse to lie (in relation to the attackers), thus transposing the logic of reasoning he used when considering the situation of knowingly false promises on this case of improper compulsion to confess. In our opinion, the validity of such extrapolation is not obvious, as soon as testifying at a fair trial is not the same as providing evidences in court subordinate to the arbitrariness of rulers, and certainly not the same as informing intruders under pressure, and moreover, informing them while breaking responsibilities in front of third persons. Nonetheless, Kant claims that there is no difference between these different situations of forced response, saying that the duty to tell the truth, above all, makes no distinction between those persons in relation to which it should be observed; on the contrary, it is an unconditional obligation which is valid in all sorts of relationships.Following Kan t, it turns out that any relationship between human beings, including the relationships with terrorists, are fundamental to the society and humanity in general. But how can we assume some law-related connections between, metaphorically saying, the householder and the malefactors, if they arise spontaneously and are also against the will of one of the parties? From the perspective of personal duties, the householder is not in any relationships with the attackers simply because these relationships would be malicious. Here, the householder is found is in his natural state in which he is allowed to rely on his own interests only and which is potentially regarded as a state of war of all against all. In the end, according to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, basic human needs -physiological needs and the need for security are of much greater value for any of the majority of people than the needs of a higher level of development, including morality and humanity. As a result, it can be concluded that in its natural state, public opinion generally recognizes or is prepared to recognize the right to the existence of situations of pious deception, when they are designed to meet the society’s basic needs for survival and security.On the other hand, Kant is rightly assuming that people are not fully responsible for the consequences of their actions, especially in sub-standard conditions of revolutionary, totalitarian, or criminal arbitrariness, and therefore cannot make decisions on which information is more harmful. However, this does not mean that people are not responsible for their actions. If grasping this idea of moral philosophy, anyone tries to absolve oneself of responsibility following the truth telling, he or she can easily be put in front of other severe moral claims, similarly belonging to Kant’s fundamental principles of metaphysics of morals. Thus, we reckon that in many aspects, Kant is considering the abovementioned moral dilemma in some absurd world: saying that when one tells the truth and law violators grab people one is responsible for to possibly kill them, the person do not bear any blame, while when one lies, and there are still victims caught, the person is morally guilty. This interpretation of the situation cannot be fully reliable, especially believing that an accident can occur at all times and the subjects of action still have no control over it.To sum up, life laws are constructed in the way that in specific situations one moral norm may face other moral norm directly, and a person will have to weigh them to choose one of them. Moreover, as Kant’s case analysis shows, one and the same rule fulfilled in respect of one person turns to be broken with respect to another person, thus violating the promise of mutual assistance and mutual support. In fact, life really provides with black-and-white situations where absolutely virtuous solutions are possible: in the end, any decision violates som eone’s interests, will bring trouble or suffering to someone. As a result, in most cases, we have to choose the lesser evil. Indeed, an individual should not blindly follow one isolated norm, but rather should not forget about other rules applicable to a given situation. For example, the single-eyed adherence to the â€Å"do not lie† norm while ignoring other equally important norms may turn into absolute faux pas, callousness, and even cruelty. Thus, the task of the morally responsible subject is to assess ethical dilemmas from the standpoint of complexity and multidimensionality of moral set of rules.

Homeowners file a tort claim against a theme park Case Study

Homeowners file a tort claim against a theme park - Case Study Example to 7 p.m. There was nary a moment of peace for the village residents since then because of: Roads clogged with traffic. On opening day of the amusement park itself, roads to and from the village were impassable, such that the milk tanker that regularly picks up milk from the dairy farm of Farmer Green could not get in. When the tanker came the next day, the 1,500 liters of milk it was supposed to pick up the previous day was already spoiled, which translated to a big loss for Farmer Green. Noise. Screams from the Haunted House and rides at the park prevent Ms. Bourne, who works night shifts at hospital, from sleeping at home by day. Mr. Goode, who runs a wildlife sanctuary nearby, also says the noise causes distress to his animals. Carelessness in garbage disposal. The daily garbage from the theme park is collected in man-made waste bays placed alongside the road, which often contain more than the amount of garbage that they can hold. Such overloading caused one waste bay to fracture, spilling rotten food that pollutes Farmer Green's land. Errant water from a multi-level log-flume water ride. Water from this facility seeps through a crack and collects behind the wall separating the park from the railway tracks. As the water level increased, the pressure toppled the wall and caused a landslide that busted a sewer pipe owned by the local water company. Principles of Tort The tort law is characterized by a loose set of relatively abstract principles, which allow maximum discretion to be exercised by reference to common-sense values (Hocking & Smith, 1996).4 Thus, the judgment on whether the Ashenhurst Village residents...In criminal law, the state is portrayed as the bigger offended party than the plaintiff such that if a defendant is proven guilty the state metes out the appropriate punishment. It is different in tort cases, in which the plaintiff, whose more popular assignation now is â€Å"claimant,† is the victim of the alleged wrong. There seems no doubt that the management of the Ashenhurst amusement and theme park has a duty of care in seeing to it that its operations do not cause harm to the village residents, some of whom assume a â€Å"sufficient relationship of proximity and neighborhood† with the park. The main offenses for which the park could be held liable are the torts of negligence and nuisance as well as for intentional and statutory torts. The traffic and noise from the rides are forms of nuisance, whereas the water seepage from the water ride and the overflow of garbage from the park amount to acts of negligence. As for intentional tort, the law says the theme park management is liable for this offense if it acted the way it did although it could have reasonably foreseen the harm that it would cause (Barker & Padfield). Based on the Occupier’s Liability Act in UK, the park is also answerable for statutory tort if it never attempted to take health and safety measures to avoid causing harm to its neighbors. However, it has to be proven if the park management breached its duty of care as determined by the accepted tests and principles of tort.

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of formally appraising Essay

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of formally appraising employees systems and assess the overall value of appraisals - Essay Example , without a formal structured system of appraisal as well as evaluation, employees will instill judgments on their fellow colleagues, supervisors, subordinates and peers informally and arbitrarily. This ability to make judgments, without following the correct procedure, may create ethical, legal and motivational problems within the organization. Alternatively, a formal appraisal system provides structured guidelines that are lawful, valid, reliable and defensible (Starcher, 2006). Smith (2006) and Bernardin & Beatty, (2009)point out that performance appraisal in an organization is a complex and challenging process. Usually, most managers do not acknowledge, but the fact remains it is an inevitable component within the management and supervisory process. Generally, workers will be judged on their performance, irrespective of whether or not they are under a formal appraisal system. After all, this is the nature of human beings to judge others. Because several of these uninformed, informal judgments will be flawed, there is need for formal appraisal system so as to reduce the possibilities of making judgments about others (Landy & Farr, 2003). This will benefit the organization and promote employee’s performance. Performance appraisal is an efficient source of information in an organization. Appraising employees’ systems ensures that the overall performances of the organization are focused to attaining the set goals (Grote & Grote, 2002). The views and reviews from the system include but not limited to questions like, ‘how will the organization attain its goals and what it will contribute?’ The results of the performance appraisal may lead to overall improvements of the job performance e.g. improved customer service and better productivity. This benefits the organization in various ways. First and foremost, basing on the future employee decisions and their needs, it is easier for an organization to decide which type of training and promotion needs are

Tools Used for Examining Frauds Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tools Used for Examining Frauds - Term Paper Example They grab the attention of the clients by promising them quick money (Coderre, 2009). Detection of financial frauds required experienced forensic accountants. They are basically accountants, auditors, and investigators of financial and legal documents who are hired by the company to look into possible financial frauds taking place. There are different varieties of financial frauds. The range can spread from a simple theft to more complicated frauds and identity thefts. Some of the common types of financial frauds are; check fraud, banking/identity fraud directs theft, invoices and payments fraud. Four basic frauds that occur in a business are; Embezzlement, internal theft, payoffs and kickbacks and skimming (Imoniana, Antunes & Formigoni, 2013). Embezzlement which is also known as larceny occurs when the personnel who are appointed to control the funds, use them illegally for their personal gain (Petrucelli, 2013). Internal theft takes place when company assets such as company products or supplies are stolen by the employees. This causes inventories to shrink down. Pay-offs and kickbacks are kinds of bribery which are often reported by the companies. These occur when employees take money from the receipt and that transaction is not recorded. Other important frauds are Money laundering, Mortgage fraud, Racketeering/ RICO, Securities fraud, payroll-fraud, manipulation of sales figures, tax evasion, use of fictitious invoicing, stealing money from company accounts, duplicate billing, accounts receivable fraud, financial statement fraud, etc. Money Laundering is the process of movement of illicit money and other profits through legitimate channels with the purpose of disguising the illegal source of the money to prevent from tax officials (Wells, 2010).  

Ports Of Coromandel Coast History Essay

Ports Of Coromandel Coast History Essay When we talk about the term Coromandel, we see that it is generally believed to have hand and very early historical past and the term Coromandel, widely held to be derived from the classical Tamil regional name Colamandalam, when applied to the eastern coast of India has come to embrace a wider geographic area than that for which it was originally used. The visitor of the 19th century would be struck by the description given to Coromandel by the 17th-century writers. What exactly distinguishes both these sets of observations is that the 17th-century idea of Coromandel is too vast and wide than that of the 19th century and secondly it divides the Coromandel into two neat parts with the Godavari river as the dividing point. For contemporary visitors of the seventeenth century to the area, the Coromandel Coast was the wide expanse of Indias eastern coast from point Calimere, where the coastline takes a sharp northerly drift, to near the 200 N latitude or the port of Ganjam. It was divid ed into two parts, the north and the south, with the Godavari point being the dividing the between the two. In later times the Coromandel Coast proper was held to be to the south of this Godavari point and the north was known as the Gingelly coast or Golconda coast. By the seventeenth century usage, the term embraced the coastlines of the modern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh (Telugu Desam) and the southern tip of Orissa  [1]  . Contemporary visitors to the area looked upon the entire coast as forming one trading region, with common patterns of trade, common characteristics of seafaring and a broadly similar hinterland. The extent to which they were justified in this will become clear in the succeeding pages, where the trade of the region is considered  [2]  . This justice is the whole point that the geographical regions do not have an inherent constitution and are not defined merely by physical phenomena like rocks Rivers, mountains and many other such naturally occur ring features. On the contrary, the human interaction with the region produces the region and thus we see that during the pre-modern period the Coromandel was region whose prime importance to outsiders was trade, whereas in the centuries preceding the mediaeval period no such large-scale trading activity was found. Therefore the constitution of the region of Coromandel by the Europeans was based on trade that took place during the height period of capitalism in Europe. Another striking feature of the Coromandel cost and in general the western coast of India was the absence of natural harbours and also naturally occurring features conducive for shipping. This is one of the reasons that for trade to take place in the Western coastline of India was easy though the continental shelf was very deep. In the eastern coast, the low continental shelf and lack of deep harbours hindered the moment of big vessels from the reverse to the ocean. In the whole Coromandel coast, there were only very few points that are very favourable for shipping and it is only logical that, these points have become the major ports. A brief description of the ports would help us in understanding the nature of the moment of vessels and consequently the trade patterns. The western shores of the Bay of Bengal were generally inhospitable for shipping. There were no naturally endowed havens on the coast comparable to the Trincomalee Bay in eastern Ceylon. Kakinada, the place that came n earest to such a natural harbour, did not have other favourable characteristics as a trade outlet and was not one of the major ports of the area in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Most of the ports of outlet were either exposed to the full force of the elements of the ocean or were sheltered behind mouths of rivers and creeks with problems of entry and exit created by shifting channels and sand bars. The coastline was generally flat and sandy with the exception of its northernmost parts, where it is somewhat undulating and less sandy. There were no soundings to help incoming ships outside half a degree from the coastline, a situation that contrasts with the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal which had soundings 4 degrees from the coast. The northernmost port of Coromandel with some significance in coastal and oceanic trade in our period is Ganjam, situated at latitude. 190 22 N, longitude 850 3, at the mouth of river Rushikulya. It is better known in the records in the eighteenth century than it is in the seventeenth, but this may be because of increasing European interest in it. Ganjam was typical of the river mouth ports of Coromandel, with shifting sand banks and narrow channels. The banks were of sufficient depth to allow country vessels through and the river was navigable for some distance inland, being of considerable size. The surf was heavy and large vessels anchored on the roadstead. They were reached by the many local boats that operated from the river. The port derived its strength from the fertile Rushikulya valley, from where and from neighbouring Orissa rice was transported there for export. It was an important port in the coastal trade southwards to Madras, Paleacat and other places where rice was in demand. In the eighteenth century, as the south became an area deficit in food grains, Ganjam became the starting point of a provisions lifeline to these places. Ganjam was also proximate to textile producing centres. There is no evidence that it was prominent in the oceanic trade in our period, but appears rather to have been a feeder port to some of the neighbouring export centres of Golconda.  [3]   About twelve miles south of Ganjam is the port of Gopalpur, a port not of any great significance in our period, though it grew in importance in the nineteenth century. It does not find a mention in the contemporary travellers accounts, nor does it feature in the trade of the companies. In the nineteenth century it seems to have been looked upon as the principal port of the Ganjam district and to have become prominent in the export trade in rice, probably drawing trade away from Ganjam port. About twelve miles south of Gopalpur is the port of Sonapur, about which little is known, though there are enough hints of its undoubted commercial activities. There was a tradition related by merchants of Sonapur late in the eighteenth century that, because of a caste disputes among merchants at Ganjam, komatties decided to leave that port and settle in Sonapur. The shift seems also to have been caused by the need to escape oppressive taxation at Ganjam. Near it inland was the important market to wn of Berhampur. It appears that there were some major suppliers of textiles among these merchants, from which it could be inferred that the port was a fedder of export piece goods to other larger ports in the area  [4]  . The next port in the south of any significance was Kalingapatnam at the entrance to the Vamsadhara river, known to contemporaries as the Kalingapatnam river. It was an open roadstead, protected on the south by a sandy point and some rocks, and provided safe anchorage. It is referred to occasionally in contemporary records, but little is known of its trade except that it drew on the rich rice growing and textile producing hinterland. About fourteen miles south of Kalingapatnam, on the Langulya river, is the town of Srikakulam known among the contemporary Europeans as Chicacole. It was situated about four miles upstream on its northern bank. Its port of outlet was Mufaz Bandar at the mouth of the river. Srikakulam was a district administrative capital under the Golconda kingdom and later under the Mughal empire. It was an important market for the supply of textiles from several weaving villages all around. Over time, however, the entrance to the river Langulya got choked and the port w as not functional any more. There is evidence that this was happening in our period, since much of the cloth of Srikakulam was being transported by land northwards to Kalingapatnam or southwards to Bimilipatnam. A prosperous hinterland based on a surplus of rice cultivation and craft production with the primary emphasis on textiles mark to some of the ports like Kalinga Putnam. The rich land was very conducive for rice cultivation and the prosperity of this agricultural base led to diversification into production of cotton and textile production. With the increase of time, many of the weavers who worked part-time due to the uncertain nature of demand became full-time weavers and and did not participate in agriculture. This shift in patterns of production was mainly due to the development of the port over the centuries. Bimilipatnam, situated on latitude 170 53 N, longitude 830 27 E, was an important trading port in our period. It was more important than the major modern port of Visakhapatnam, which lies about fifteen miles to its south. The coastline between Bimilipatnam and Kalingapatnam is dangerous and inhospitable, with a submerged ledge of rocks within six miles of the shore. Nor did the hinterland provide opportunities for trade. Bimilipatnam, port, though an open roadstead was reasonably well protected by headlands and provided safe anchorage in both south-west and north-east monsoons, being thus one of the well weather ports of this coast. It was therefore the resort of a large native shipping fleet, both the small coasting vessels and the large ships that sailed to Bengal and across the Bay of South East Asia. It was above all the chief rice exporting port of this coast, the main supplier by sea to South Coromandel, Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. The Dutch physician, Daniel Havart, who live d for many years in Paleacat, called it a rice bowl for Ceylon and other ports. The large East Indiamen of the European Companies would resort here to pick up food supplies before sailing on long journeys. Dutch ships sailing from Masulipatnam to Malacca and Batavia called here on the way to stock up rice, meat and other foodstuffs for the journey. It was also a port for the export of textiles to South East Asia  [5]  . Among the small ports listed on the eastern coast was Visakhapatnam as it was only rudimentary stages of development, though it had very good natural harbour that was only waiting to be developed. To the south of Bililipatnam was Visakhapatnam, which as noted above, had not yet achieved its subsequent importance. Situated on latitude 170 42 N, longitude 830 17 E, it was recognized as a port with natural advantages. It lay on a river which was barred at the entrance but, with eight to ten feet at the shallowest, was capable of admitting boats and ships of some size. There were a number of recognizable landmarks in approaching this port. While considerable interest has been paid to trade, not much focus has been levied on shipbuilding and by extension the repairs of ships in the eastern coast of India, whereas the western coast traditionally hand been engaged in shipbuilding activities to cater to the Arabian African demand. It is in this respect that we see the race of Visakhapatnam a s a new port endowed with facility for both trade and shipbuilding. The convenience of the river le to the construction here of some dockyards, even in our period, for repairing ships, though the port was not yet the major centre of ship building on the coast. These facilities attracted European shipping increasingly to this port in the eighteenth century, when it began to grow in importance. Proceeding southwards from Visakhapatnam, the next point of interest on the coast is Coringa Bay and a number of points in it within close proximity to each other: Coringa, Kakinada, Ingeram, Bandarmalanka, Yanam, and Jagannathpuram. There is evidence of all these ports being in the use in varying degrees at various times. Yanam, Ingeram and Jagannathpuram are on branches of the Godavari river in its delta area and were approachable in small boats and country vessels which good brought goods through to ships anchored in the Bay. At the bar of these rivers the water was shallow and no vessels of any substantial size could get through. These ports do not feature prominently in the seventeenth century, though it is possible they were mainly places of indigenous trade. In the eighteenth century they were frequented by Europeans looking for supplies of textiles in the region. The English shipped goods from Ingeram, the French from Yanam and the Dutch from Jagannathpuram. The Dutch were qu ite enthusiastic about Jagannathpuram later in the eighteenth century, referring to it as a good port and convenient place to ships goods. In fact by the end of the eighteenth century, when Dutch fortunes on the Coromandel Coast had sunk low in the face of English expansion, this was one of two places they were keen to retain for their trade  [6]  . The rise of Jagannathpuram is an instance of the constant dynamism in the status and activities of ports along the coast caused by a variety of internal and external factors. To the south of this cluster of ports of the Godavari delta, on the west branch of this river, the Vasishta Godavari, also called Narsapore river, is the town of Narsapore with its port and docks. On the bar of this river was eight to nine feet of water at low tide, and inside the river, in the passage to the town, was three to five fathoms of water. The town is about six miles from the river mouth and could be entered by every type of vessel that was then in use. Adjoining Narsapore is the town of Madapollam, almost a suburb of Narsapore. Both these places, especially Nasarpore, were ship building centres, with excellently appointed dockyards for building, sheathing and caulking ships. Ships were built here for the Golconda royal merchant fleet, for native merchants and even for the companies and European free merchants. Bowery refers to a ship built in his time in Narsapore for the king of Golconda of 1000 tuns. European ships made use of these facilities in the seventeenth and ear ly eighteenth centuries and had vessels for their Asian trade built here. Ship building timber was shipped down river from the upper reaches of the Godavari river. The iron and steel foundries of the upper Godavari provided the raw materials for nails, couplings and anchors. Ropers and cordage were made there from coir imported from Ceylon, Malabar and the Maldives. The English and Dutch set up their own dockyards, employing their own personnel after some years . The Dutch, in particular, set about it with their customary thoroughness, bringing master carpenters, shipwrights and iron founders from the Netherlands and employing a large Indian skilled and unskilled labour force  [7]  . All the places did not develop based only on purely commercial considerations like trade, as we see that there are also many other considerations like good weather and fresh and clean air that captivated the British. This is more important for them when they needed to take a rest from places nearby. The two places were therefore not so significant as ports of trade, though there was some export of textiles from the neighbouring weaving villages, as for their ship building and repairing docks. They also had a reputation among Europeans for their clear fresh air, and company servants living in Masulipatnam (which was notoriously unhealthy) used to treat them as health resorts and have country residences there to which they would often retire. By the beginning of the eighteenth century the decline of these two river ports as centres of commerce and ship building had started. Madapollam was abandoned earlier because of the encroachment of the Godavari. The decline of Narsapore was more gradual, partly caused by the disturbed hinterland in which the raw materials for ship building were derived and partly by the rise of European controlled ports where dockyards and repair facilities were established. Masulipatna, situated on latitude 160 9 N, longitude 810 10 E, was the port with the great publicity on the Coromandel coast in the seventeenth country, largely because of its high visibility to those who have left behind contemporary records, though Orme refers to a tradition that this town was founded by a colony of Arabs in the 14th century.  [8]  Fernandez Naverett who visited Masulipatam in 1670, describes it as a populous place of great trade, and John Fryer estimates the population of Masulipatam at the close of the 17th century at two lakhs.  [9]  Besides natives it was also attracted a large numbers of foreign traders from different parts of the world. The city developed separate localities of different ethnic groups such as the French Peta, the English Palem and Holland Palem. By the end of the 17th century the port and city of Masulipatam had developed considerably on account of their flourishing textile industries and growing inland maritime trade.  [10]  The port had links with the ocean trade of Gujrat and the Persian Gulf and also with the South-East Asian countries. A large number of merchants who came from different parts of Golconda were a great market for the goods imported through Masulipatam. In the constant battle between man and nature and the role of man to master nature always leads to suppresses and in the case of instance of Masulipatam we see that the destruction that took place in the aftermath of the great cyclone would however be rectified by human effort. Many ports and declined or were totally neglected. However, the enterprise of the British and the resettlement of the traders saw the revival of Masulipatam. The port city of Masulipatam continued to grow and expand till it witnessed a devasting cyclone on 13 October 1779, which destroyed and damaged a great part of the citys houses, bridges and other buildings, besides the Dutch and English settlements. In addition to the loss of human life on the shore, several ships and boats sank during this cyclone. It was estimated that in Masulipatam and in the villages in its hinterland about 20, 000 people perished. However, soon afterwards, the wealthy merchants as well as the European factors reconstructed their establishments, and the inland and overseas trade of the port city revived.  [11]   About twelve miles to the south of Masulipatnam is Point Devy, and further to the south the Krishna flows into the ocean in many branches forming a promontory, crisscrossed by streams, rivulets and flood channels. Because this promontory was cut off from the mainland for most of the year by these rivulets, it was known to contemporaries as Devy Island. It was not a suitable place for a harbour or any form of outlet of trade, but it was extremely fertile on account of the alluvial deposits of the Krishna. The land there was well cultivated as well densely wooded, abounding in wild buffaloes and game. These features made it a great attraction to the larger European Companies facing provisioning problems. The Dutch first saw the potential of this place and made several attempts to get a grant of the island, first from the ruler of Golconda and then from the Mughals. They were more than once at the point of success but the cession was not confirmed because of the lucrative revenues the l and produced to local lessees. The Dutch had grand plants to shift their trade from Masulipatnam to Devy, where they were going to construct port facilities, deepen the channel to take vessels of some size and attempt to develop inland navigation to the weaving villages. The place had the advantage of being defensible from attacks from the mainland, and would have made them independent of the hinterland power. With the decline of the port of Masulipatnam the English also had the same idea, and when Sir William Norris went on his embassy to the Mughal court in 1699 one of his requests was for a cession of Devy to the English. The concession was not given and the English sought to achieve it later in the eighteenth century, always without success. If Devy had been conceded, either to the Dutch, or to the English, there is no doubt that an effective port of outlet could have been established there, a feature that would have been consistent with the dynamics of growth and development of ports and commercial centres in Coromandel. South of Devy Point is the port and town of Petapuli, lying on the estuary of a river. It was quite a substantial place of trade and traffic, situated close to a cluster of weaving villages. From the end of the seventeenth century the port was called Nizampatnam, a name it has retained since. The port was by all accounts good by contemporary standards, the river providing entry for vessels of up to 100 tons. Streynsham Master, when he visited this area in 1766, observed several vessels of 50 to 100 tons in the river. It was a port with a considerable country trade, besides providing goods for export for the oceanic trade. It was the home of a number of wealthy Telugu Hindu merchants). South of Nizampatnam, for some considerable distance, there are no major ports. There are some minor ports such as Motupally, Cottapatnam and Ramapatnam, which were shipping piece goods in small vessels to the larger ports of the north and the south. There is a suggestion that Cottapatnam, lying on the estuary of a river, was at one time a port of some importance. There was a tradition there, that after a quarrel between balijas and komatties in an adjoining port, the komatties migrated in a body to Cottapatnam and established their trade there. Likewise an early seventieth century European account talks of Motupally as formerly a famous mart and seat of extensive trade. So there seems to have been some shifting around of trade outlets in this area. The mouth of the Gundlakamma river, lying at latitude 150 27 N, is generally held to mark the northern boundary of the Coromandel Coast proper  [12]  . On the border between the district of Ongole and Nellore, at the mouth of the Menneru, on its right bank, is a port referred to in contemporary records as Karedu. This port appears to have been of some importance in the seventieth century, being linked directly by road to the capital city of Golconda. The bar of the river was always open to let in vessels of medium size. Customs duties were considerably lower here than in Masulipatnam, and merchants were importing and exporting goods here in some quantity. It must have been a port of some importance at one time and it is possible that it was one of the ancient ports of trade in Andhra. In Masters time it had already declined to it significance. South of Cottapatnam up to Palecacat, the only ports of any description are Kistnapatnam and Arumugam, the latter known to contemporary Europeans as Armagaon. This port is located on the eastern coast in the taluk of Gudur of Andhra Pradesh. Once, itwas a flourishing port centre stated by the Chola and Telugu Chola inscriptions. The port was referred to in the inscriptions as Kollitturai alias Kanda GopalaPattinam. Probably it could be named after the Telugu Chola king ViraRajendran dated in 1256-57 A.D. this port was engaged by the foreigners of various countries (pandine} bhumisamashaparadesigal and merchants. It also records that various types of vessels and boats were anchored in this port.They were referred to in the inscriptions as kalam, tonuru, tuli, kalavam, vidavu etc. Kalam is identical with kalam (small boat) mentioned in the Tamil literature and to}Uru probably identical with Tamil Toni. It has two words Toni+ Uru which ultimately became Tonuru. Uru is also a small vesse l used both for inland and coastal navigation for boarding a ship, loading a ship and fishing in the coastal areas in addition to their use in the rivers as ferry boats. It is not clear to give the meaning of tuli, kalavam and vidavu.During Irumadi Tirukkalattudevar (1279 A.D.) time, the merchants of various countries residing in this port donatedone fourth percent on the appraised cost of all he goods exported and imported at this port. During Vijayanagara period the port was renamed as Rajavibhadan Pattinam. About thirty-five miles south of Arumugam was the port of Paleacat on latitude 130 26N, longitude 800 20 E. In common with many other ports of the region it had no natural merit as a port, though contemporaries considered it better than Madras. The coast was shallow and there was a dangerous reef offshore, which larger ships of a later period were instructed to avoid. The main port was on the southern end of an island formed by the sea, and a lagoon or backwater called Paleacat Lake. A river flowed into the sear by the side of it but the bar was not deep enough to admit vessels of more than 50 tons. The island was called Sriharikota and a spit of sand separated it from the mainland. Ships anchored about a mile from the shore and had to be loaded and unloaded in small boats of the masoola type which were beached on the shore. Paleacat was an important port of Indian shipping dating back well before the seventeenth century, featuring prominently in the trade to South East Asia. Its hin terland, Poneritaluq, had several villages engaged in handloom manufacture, and Paleacat was the port of outlet for these goods. When the Dutch secured considerable rights and privileges here, they began to dominate the trade. They erected a fort, Fort Geldria, at the point where the river flowed into the sea, and dredged some of the sandbanks to enable the use of the river and the backwaters for transport in small boats. There were villages all round the port, some of which were ceded to the Dutch. They brought all these villages into the service of the port and developed the complex, by the end of the seventeenth century, into a substantial port town. The shifting of the river estuary, the sandbanks and coastal erosion appear to have made Paleacat less functional as a port in the eighteenth century. Outside the Dutch fort was a section of the port where Indian owned ships plied their trade. But they had to submit themselves to Dutch restrictive controls and appear to have moved ou t of Paleacat to other Coromandel ports. Under the Dutch, Paleacat was drawn in to the Dutch-Asian trading system and established close shipping links with important Dutch centres of trade such as Malacca, Colombo and Batavia. In the eighteenth century, in addition to climatic factors, political and economic events led to the decline of the port. In the nineteenth century Paleacat disappeared as a trading port and was not in use even in the coastal trade  [13]  . About twenty-five miles south of Paleacat is Fort St. George or Madras (originally Chennapatanam, situated on latitude 130 5 N, longitude 800 18 E. Generally recognized as among the worst harbours of the region in terms of physical situation, it has futures that were positively dangerous to shipping. It was not a place to which local shipping had restored before the foundation of the English settlement. Its precise origins are not clear but it appears that a town had been founded there a few years prior to its cession to the English. Whatever the origins, it is clear that the place was no more than a few fishing settlements when the English arrived there. The ruler though this a means to achieve his ambition of developing a commercial centre in his dominions. This proved eminently successful, though not in the way conceived by the ruler. Madras grew as yet another port along the coast with an open roadstead. In the beginning it was primarily used by English shipping. It later attract ed indigenous Indian shipping, though Madras in our period never became the home of a large Indian merchant fleet. Four miles south of Fort St. George is the port of San Thome, built by the Portuguese as a fort and town near the older Tamil port of Mylapore. Mylapore occurs as a port of significance in the trade to South East Asia, long before the Portuguese came to San Thome. After they settled there and built the fort, the better to control the trade and derive some tribute from it. Mylapore and San Thome seem to have functioned as an extended port, inland market and manufacturing town. Mylapore had settlements of weavers producing for an export market. The port was an open roadstead, much the same as Madras, though the rivulet of Adayar and the backwaters may have provided some facility for small boat traffic. The St. Thomas Mount rising just behind the port was visible from out at sea and was a good sounding point of sailors. Despite Portuguese presence, possibly because of it, Indian shipping continued unaffected by the English settlement of Madras. Like Madras, it drew from the Chingleput h interland for its textile exports and imported goods for that market. About seventeen miles to the south of Madras was Kovalam, which appears to have been use as a port of outlet at certain times. It never really grew to any importance, despite efforts by the rulers of the hinterland to achieve this in the eighteenth century. The obvious attractions of revenue from customs due on imports and exports persuaded the regional officers of the nawab of Arcot to foster the growth of this port and to initiate the construction of a town ship called Sadat Bandar. There is evidence that shipping was attracted to the port in the first decades of the eighteenth century. The Ostend East India Company was given permission by the nawab to establish a factory there with trading concessions. The company folded up and Kovalam never developed a trade of any consequence  [14]  . South of Kovalam, past Mahabalipuram and the so called Seven Pagodas, was the port of Sadurangapatnam, lying at latitude 120 32 N, longitude 800 10 E. It was an important port of oceanic trade in the seventeenth century, known to the Europeans as Sadraspatnam or Sadras. Though without a river, there was an outstretched headland that provided some protection to ships which could lie close to the coast. The temples Mahabalipuram just seven miles to the north were a good sounding point for ships sailing into this port. The port derived its strength from a well populated hinterland, with numerous weavers villages and with good access to internal markets by road. Indian shippers carried on an import and export trade from here across the Bay of Bengal. Its importance persuaded the Dutch to take the port and neighbouring village in lease in 1705, after which native shipping seemed to have moved elsewhere. The coastline south of Sadraspatnam was in our period a busy area of trade and traffic. It was littered with a number of ports situated within a few miles of each o

Essay on Discrimination Against Women as Addressed in Cantors Dilemma

Discrimination Against Women as Addressed in Cantor's Dilemma  Ã‚   In his novel, Cantor's Dilemma, Dr. Djerassi uses female characters to address sexist issues arising from women integrating into the predominantly male science world. The characters, Celestine Price and Professor Arderly, are used to show examples of how women have little voice in the field of science. The female characters suggest how women are often looked upon as sex objects rather than co-workers and they are given little opportunity to balance a scientific career with raising a family. By weaving these issues into his novel, Dr. Djerassi illustrates the following theme: Discrimination against women in the field of science is harmful to the progression of scientific exploration. If women are excluded from science, then an artificial limit is put on human resources. (The field of science will not utilize the potential female minds available.) The first issue that Dr. Djerassi casually mentions is that women are not adequately represented in the field of science. The character, Celestine Price strongly desires a career in chemistry. She faces the challenge of how to plot her map of success while taking into consideration the male dominated world of science. Her old high school chemistry teacher advises Celestine that if she ever wants to get an academic position at a top university, she has got to get plugged into "the old boy's network." He says to her, "Make no mistake about it. Chemistry is still a man's world."1 Dr. Djerassi paints the picture of a boy's clubhouse with a sign at the door reading, "No girls allowed!" In this context, it is inferred that a woman has to prove her worth before the society of men will give her the privilege of working wit... ...roblems of integration. If the science world takes advantage of undiscovered female talent, science as a whole will benefit greatly. For example, the original group of ENIAC programmers consisted of 6 women. In 1946, these women helped to develop the first operating stored-program computer.6 If female talent such as this goes to waste because of social neglect, the science world will never know what possible discoveries that could have been made with the help of women. If Dr. Djerassi is accurate with his examples of discrimination, the science world should take note of these problems and attempt to solve them. 1. Carl Djerassi, Cantor's Dilemma (New York, New York.: Penguin Books, 1989), 19. 2. Ibid. 45. 3. Ibid. 45. 4. Ibid. 45. 5. Ibid. 20-21. 6. web site: women in science/ women in computer science/ women involved in ENIAC program.